Thermal Activation above a Dissipation Barrier: Switching of a Small Josephson Junction.

An unshunted Josephson tunnel junction switching out of its zero-voltage state is a model system for thermal activation out of a metastable state. For small-capacitance low-critical-current junctions, this thermal activation process follows a generalized Arrhenius law involving dissipation directly in its exponent. This escape over a dissipation barrier can be computed exactly for a junction connected to a RC impedance providing large damping. The diffusion branch and the switching histograms measured for such a junction are in agreement with theory. [S0031-9007(96)01408-1]